The next Tech Talks will be held on Tuesday 13th July at 2 PM. 

We will discuss amongst other things Living off the Grid.

If anyone has a talking point they would like discussed, perhaps a controversial subject that has been in the news lately, please bring it to the meeting.

Or, if you have a particular engineering project or passion you would like to share with others please do not hesitate to come forward.

We are always happy for informed discussion to take place no matter how unlikely the subject.

Neville Gibb

At our last Tech Talks we watched a video from the early 50's showing the first Transistors. These Transistors replaced vacuum tubes used in radios, telecommunication early computers and made certain predictions about the size of computers.  We also looked at a video made in 1968 which predicted what the modern home would look like in the year 2020. Effectively it got nothing right. Life changes so quickly and so completely even the brightest minds cannot predict the future.
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We then watched a video informing us as to what 5G is and what it will do. Basically, 5G will make communication between computers more efficient but there will be more towers required.
We finished up watching a documentary about Sir Isaac Newton - one of the fathers of modern science. It is interesting to note that at one point in his life Isaac had to endure a complete lock down in Cambridge when a bout of Plague was raging in southern England. 
 
Neville Gibb

 Quantum theory is a revolutionary advancement in science that emerged in the early twentieth century. It is a mathematical theory able to explain the unexpected behaviour of subatomic particles, eg the phenomenon of entanglement. In the late twentieth century it was discovered that quantum theory applies not only to atoms and molecules, but to bits and logic operations in a computer. This realization has brought about a revolution in the science and technology of information processing, making possible new kinds of computing.

Our current computers perform calculations and process information using methods which date back to Turing and von Neumann. In this model, all information is reducible to bits, which can take the values of either 0 or 1. All processing can be performed via simple logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, NOR) acting on one or two bits at a time. At any point in its computation, a classical computer’s state is entirely determined by the states of all its bits, so that a computer with n bits can exist in one of 2^n possible states, ranging from 00…0 to 11…1

The power of the quantum computer is in its much richer range of states. A quantum computer also has bits — but instead of 0 and 1, its quantum bits, or qubits, can represent a 0, 1, or linear combination of both, which is a property known as superposition. A quantum computer takes advantage of a special kind of superposition that allows for exponentially many logical states at once, all the states from (00…0 to 11…1). This is a powerful feat, and no classical computer can achieve it.

The quantum superpositions most useful for quantum computation, are entangled. Entangled states are states of the whole computer that do not correspond to any assignment of digital or analog states of the individual qubits. A quantum computer is therefore significantly more powerful than any classical computer.

The IBM Quantum Composer provides a hands-on opportunity to experiment with operations on a real quantum computing processor. A field guide contains a series of topics to allow experiments to be constructed, run in simulation, and executed on real quantum processors available through IBM Cloud®.

The true challenge of quantum physics is in ideas that are counterintuitive to day-to-day experiences in the physical world, which of course are constrained by classical physics. To comprehend the quantum world, a new intuition for a set of simple but different (and often surprising) laws needs to be built.

There is no single simple physical principle from which these conclusions follow. The best that can be done is to distil quantum mechanics down to a few mathematical laws, from which all the observed behaviour of quantum particles (and qubits in a quantum computer) can be deduced and predicted.

​Les Rodgers

At our last session we watched several videos. One of particular interest was a documentary on the construction of the Snowy Mountain Authority Those of us of a certain age grew up when this large construction project was in full force and was well publicised in the newspapers of the time. There were many familiar images shown of dams, turbines, tunnels etc being built which we could all remember.  Certain veterans of the scheme were able to bring us their own particular reminiscences.

We also saw a video of a new form of propulsion which may be the answer to long term space travel.

Our next session is on Tuesday 13th April. We will be discussing Quantum Computers and Hydrogen Fuel Cells.

​Neville Gibb

Are you reasonably Tech Savvy; interested in technological developments and keen to continue developing your knowledge base? Then the Tech Talks group may be of interest. 

​Tech Talks (previously Tech Savvy Talks) has a new timeslot  - the second Tuesday of the month from 2 to 4 pm.  The first meeting for 2021 is scheduled in the U3A meeting room on Tuesday 9 March at 2 pm. 
 
Neville Gibb 0428 858 688

Are you using technology to increase output in your household economy during Covid?  In the last post Les Rodgers described a technology related project he has underway - an automatic drip-fed hydroponic system in his frost resistant shed.  Les is growing two varieties of tomato plants under high powered variable led grow lights in an effort to improve upon his total crop last year (three tomatoes) after the predators had finished, including birds, fruit fly and other nameless invaders.
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Asked for an update, Les reports that ‘Progress on the tomato front has been limited largely due to the lack of warmth in my shed. There are two controls on the light for different colored leds. One promotes vegetative growth and the coloured one stimulates the production of flowers. I want short plants, so I have 3 or 4 in one pot. The light is pretty intense which leads to short plants. The coloured light has caused such small plants to form flower buds already. I have also taken the opportunity to raise some seedlings. I recently increased the number of hours of light per day.’

​With the lockdown, there appears to an extremely large amount of traffic on the mobile network. My mobile phone for example is on the Telstra network. I have noticed the download speed from late morning until 11 pm is about 1mb/s  more or less. While my son was at my place recently bringing some medical supplies I asked him to check his download speed on the Optus network. It was 15 mb/s compared to Telstra’s 1 mb/s. Early in the morning Telstra was 40 plus mb/s  so clearly the network is suffering from heavy congestion during the hours of about 9.00 am to 11.00 pm. I wonder how others are faring particularly Aldi users who actually use part of the Telstra network.
 
Email using the Outlook client with Microsoft 365 has also been giving me a lot of synchronization problems resulting in errors and low speed with incoming traffic. This is happening mostly in the afternoon. An improvement resulted from deleting all unnecessary unread received emails. The system tries to synchronize these every time emails are being received.  Outlook seems to be the only email client that does that. So open or delete all unread emails.

Les Rodgers

Heard recently from Les ... 

"I decided to bring technology to bear on my tomatoes this year. My total crop last year was three tomatoes after the predators had finished, including birds, fruit fly and other nameless invaders. This year I am adopting an automatic drip fed hydroponic system in my shed, under high powered variable led grow lights. Hopefully the fruit fly won’t know about my shed and the birds and others are excluded. I also have a head start as my shed is frost resistant.  I have two varieties, one a green tomato which is eaten green and another more conventional red one."

If you have a project, however big or small - involving using technology during the Co-vid break, feel free to send it to me - bevlee47@gmail.com and I'll post it for others to read.

​Bev Lee 

​​During the month Les recommended watching a YouTube video called ‘Simulating an Epidemic’

“You may need to watch it a couple of times to fully appreciate it, but hey, what else have we got to do?’   A class member replied to Les ‘Should send a copy to Trump’!

Bev Lee,
​Tech Savvy Talks member

On Wednesday 11th March Tech Savvy Talks members watched a comprehensive survey on approximately 20 Electric Vehicles of various makes spread across America, Europe and China. Electric Vehicles are starting to insert themselves into the motoring culture in these three continents and the vehicles were loaned to people who belonged to the socio-economic strata of society that would be likely to purchase Electric Vehicles. The purpose of the survey was to assess the suitability of Electric Vehicles by people who would use them.
 
The broad outcome of the survey was that while the cars were extremely comfortable to drive there was a certain anxiety regarding the range of each vehicle. The range of all vehicles was under 200 miles and not all countries as yet have satisfactory facilities for recharging etc. This proved a definite minus to most people. Also, in the USA in winter heating the car draws on power and lessens the range. Some people had to spend longer that what was convenient recharging their car. Some had trouble finding recharge facilities. All these issues led most people in the USA say they would stay with Petrol Cars for the time being. People in China and Europe fared much better as facilities are much better in these countries.

Because of the vast distances involved in travel in Australia a certain amount of infrastructure will have to be installed before Electric Vehicles are suitable for Australia.

We also viewed how a Hydrogen powered car works. A Hydrogen Car is powered by hydrogen panels producing electric current that drives an electric motor. This is quite a complicated system but there has been a lot of development and Hydrogen Cars are something for the future.  There is no pollution as only water comes out the exhaust pipe. The cost of Hydrogen is competitive with Petroleum and there is no problem with range.

As a total change of subject in the second hour we viewed the building of a new Quantum Computer and listened to the explanation of how the properties of Quantum Theory are made use of.
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Neville Gibb

​The PowerPoint presentation developed by Les Rodgers on Battery Electric Vehicles is available here as a scrollable slide show in a downloadable pdf file.  

The first four slides are from a report from the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) Electricity Statement of Opportunities and the next two figures are from the Australian Energy Market Commission Issues Paper 2020: Retail Energy Competition Review: Electric Vehicles.  

Two videos viewed during the presentation have been included as URL links in the slide show and as direct YouTube links below.

Class members were most impressed by the learning opportunities offered in this particular video and highly recommend it. 

Recommended viewing: 

World Engineers Convention - Melbourne - November 2019  Presentation:  'Future Melbourne:  Digitally Enhanced Communities'  (any parallels with/lessons for Benalla?)

At our final session for the year we looked at how the modern broadcasting tower at Mt Wellington near Hobart came into being.  After some background about the ABC and Telstra Broadcasting, we reviewed the process by which the Planning, Environmental Impact Assessment, Senate Estimates Approval of the replacement project, and finally Design and Construction of the new tower happened.

The original tower was constructed in 1959 without any radome or protection of the antennas and tower.  There was early severe damage to the above due to ice formation in the extremely challenging conditions.  Sometime later a form of heating was provided as protection for the antennas. This only worked if the heating was switched on before ice had formed. It also consumed 85 kW of power which made it expensive to operate. Sometime later as part of the upgrade of the facilities for FM broadcasting and SBS an unlovely fiberglass radome was added to provide protection against the elements. The wind reaction against the changed dynamic conditions due to the radome posed serious problems for the tower resulting in very high annual maintenance.

The new tower was in the form of a reinforced concrete tubular structure with a steel antenna support structure at the top accommodating four separate high-powered transmitting antennas with a fibreglass radome protecting the antenna structure. The concrete portion of the tower is 13 metres diameter at the base and held down by 18 rock anchors comprising steel cables grouted into bored holes 15 metres deep and post tensioned.

The tower is protected dynamically by two levels of “sloshing dampers” which are vaned toroidal structures partly filled with glycol anti-freeze.

​Finally, we viewed a TED talk describing how it is possible to regrow neurons in the brain.
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Les Rodgers

We got down into the weeds with nanotechnology this month with a presentation to The Royal Society in the UK, by Professor of Nanoscience Neil Champness.   He explored the future of nanoscale machines and addressed the question of “Can we build a machine from molecules at the nanoscale”. Professor Champness research is highly cited, he being one of the top 100 most cited chemists 2000-2010 and 2015-2016. The presentation was fairly long so we started 9 minutes in. It was not a highly technical and included numerous very impressive graphics and video clips of simulations and actual molecular scale processes.

​After a coffee break we had a presentation of a session from a four day Exponential Medicine conference. The presenter was a futurist and catalyst in biological technologies and is a Distinguished Researcher with the Autodesk Inc Bio/Nano Programable Matter group. He is also a founder of the Pink Army Cooperative, a company which is aiming to make open source viral therapies for the treatment of cancer. Many people will recognize Autodesk as the software company that produced Autocad over 30 years ago which revolutionized drafting and design. It was surprising to find them so deeply involved in software involved with biology and nanotechnology. The graphics in this session were amazing, perhaps not surprising having been produced by a leading edge software company. Of particular interest was the approach of 3 D printing of a specially designed virus to treat cancer in a dog.

​Les Rodgers

​At the September Techsavvy Talks meeting we viewed a famous 1965 talk by Richard Feynman, a noted physicist. The lecture was called “Tiny Machines” and was part of a series called “There’s Always room at the Bottom”.

​This talk presaged Nanotechnology. We will look at a more detailed  and up to date talk on nanotechnology at our next meeting.
 
There was considerable interest in nanotechnology in the 1990s without any groundbreaking outcome. More recently interest has increased  with the application of nanotechnology to biology. An example is the recent possible breakthrough by Australian researchers in producing a method of using nanotechnology to attack microplastics in the ocean. The large plastic waste mass in the oceans is said to be comprised of up to 94% microplastics. There is considerable concern about this getting into the food chain via seafood etc. We viewed a summary of the paper with subsequent discussion: www.pbs.org/newshour/science/this-new-nanotech-could-help-clean-up-earths-microplastics
 
Finally we viewed a 25 minute video from Skynews, basically a presentation by Telstra on what’s happening with 5g. Telstra’s website now shows maps of where 5g is being rolled out in the various regions at the present time.  Here's the link:  www.skynews.com.au/details/_6084409398001

Les Rodgers

This month we looked at the role of the IPCC in providing reports and recommendations to governments concerning climate change. The most recent reports are AS 5 (Assessment Report 5) of 2013 and SR 1.5 of 2018 (Special Report 1.5). Also released earlier this year was IPCC 2019 a Special Report on Climate Change and Land. We considered the importance of Climate Transient Response and socio-economic factors leading to earth system computer models and projections for future warming. Mitigation and adaption strategies outlined in the reports rely heavily on Bio Energy and Carbon Capture and Storage.

Carbon Capture is one of the features of a new type of natural gas-based turbine electricity generation based on the Allam Cycle. A demonstration 50 mW system came online in Texas, USA last year and there is a proposal for a future 300 mW plant in New Zealand.

The system relies on burning natural gas with pure oxygen at high pressure in a combustor, producing super critical CO2 feeding into a conventional type of turbine at 300 bar pressure and 1150 degrees C temperature. The output of the turbine is completely recovered and most of it is ‘recuperated’ and fed back into the oxygen and natural gas mixture in the combustor. Only a relatively small amount of CO2 is not reused, but it is fully captured and there are no emissions of gas to the atmosphere. Water is also an output.
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www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/       www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/       www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/
https://qz.com/1136533/a-radical-startup-has-invented-the-worlds-first-zero-emissions-fossil-fuel-power-plant/
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Les Rodgers

​The emphasis of July’s session was how artificial intelligence can be used to enhance human capability rather than replace it. We looked at a number of TED Talks which reflected that.
The first was about the incredible inventions of intuitive AI:

​The third referred to a device which allows mind and machine to work together with extraordinary results. There is much research in this by people like Elon Musk and the usual suspects from the Tech giants

​We also saw how the future of surgery might be affected by AI:

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Les Rodgers

Tech Savvy Talks this month was about Space.

​There has been great interest in Space over the last few years in Australia almost entirely lead by private organisations rather than the government. This interest has been fanned by low earth orbiting satellite technology which is very much cheaper to implement than geosynchronous satellites mainly used for communications in the past and are of course still being used. The pressure from private organisations forced the government to establish The Australian Space Agency last year. It is part of the Department of Innovation and Science, with a staff of 20 and a budget of $20 m.
 
The reason for this is that with low earth orbiting (Leo’s) the orbit radius is only of the order of 1000 km above the earth compared with 22,600 for the geosynchronous case. This means that much smaller and lower powered, hence cheaper satellites can be used. However with the nonsynchronous satellites a much larger number of satellites is needed to provide continuous coverage at any point on the earth.
 
Leo’s have been launched both from the International Space Station and by Elon Musk’s series of large recoverable rockets from his SpaceX program. The first 60 of an expected 10,000 plus satellites was recently launched which is to provide a global internet service.

www.businessinsider.com.au/spacex-starlink-satellite-internet-how-it-works-2019-5


​Les Rodgers

The crash of 2008 inspired the enigmatic Satoshi Nakamoto to develop a proposal for a crypto currency called Bitcoin in a 9 page seminal paper called Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System.  In January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin with a reward of 50 bitcoins.
 
A second Coldfusion video  briefly describes Bitcoin and explains at some length, what else the Blockchain/Distributed Ledger Technology could also be used for.
 
After a break we had a closer look at the nuts and bolts of Bitcoin, including cryptographic hashes and double key digital signatures. The application of Distributed Ledger Technology to Australia’s ASX was also considered and the reasons why it was different. For example the ASX implementation is highly centralised and not peer to peer, it is not immutable, that is entries can be edited, and also there are legal aspects together with the fact that the required throughput is hundreds of thousands of transactions per day which Bitcoin’s Blockchain cannot match.
 
Many commentators liken the introduction of Bitcoin and Blockchain of equal importance to the introduction of the internet.

Further reading:  https://demoblockchain.org/coinbase

​The Techsavvy Talks group had the pleasure of spending the April meeting at the Benalla Gliding Club, courtesy of Tim Shirley, vice president, Gliding Club of Victoria.
 
Tim started by asking what our interests were being under the impression we were interested only in computery things. Our reply was …”everything”.
 
So we had a wide ranging talk from Tim, initially covering the various essential technologies involved in communications and instrumentation such as altimeter, compass,  airspeed indicator, variometer, specialized “sat nav”, emergency position beacon, piece of string over the canopy, etc.
 
Tim didn’t get very far before the questions started coming related to finding and staying on various sized thermals, the effects of terrain, being strongly forced upwards when crossing mountains, glide ratio, the effect of flying along ridges, for example along the cliffs of Dover, or flying from one end of New Zealand to the other.
 
I think Tim felt like some respite and decided to show us around his own personal glider, a very fine aircraft. Again he was met with a barrage of questions but we had the impression it was a labour of love this time.
 
We heard about water ballast, air brakes, flaps, those funny shaped things at the wing tips etc.
 
We greatly appreciated the time that Tim spent with us and a big thank you to Tim.

Photos: Malcolm Sanders  

Les Rodgers

. Les Rodgers with Jennifer Clemow

I thought we might take a break from 5g for a while because we have a visitor Jennifer Clemow from Qenos, who is going to tell us all about sensors, actuators and supervisory systems and computers in controlling a petro–chemical plant.

Jennifer Clemow is a chemical engineer with 28 years experience as a process control and automation engineer in the petrochemical industry.  She has worked much of her career at Qenos Australia (Melbourne plant) on configuration of control systems and implementation of advanced control.  She has also worked internationally for Aspen Technology, Singapore, on implementation of advanced control for plants in Malaysia and the USA, and worked for ExxonMobil in Singapore on start up of one of the worlds largest ethylene crackers.  Jennifer was the 2012 PACE ZENITH award winner in the oil and gas section and runner up for the Brodie prize at APCChE/CHEMECA 2015.

Also we have an interesting interview about innovation with Bill Gates, formerly the world’s richest man having been deposed this year by Jeff Bezos of Amazon fame. Mind you the divorce settlement may change that back again.  A notable philanthropist, Bill Gates talks about the likeminded group (eg Richard Branston et al) that he coerced into setting up a $billion innovation fund during the Paris agreement negotiations.
 
Next month we have a visit to the gliding club organized. More about that later.

​Les

​This session commenced with a number of short videos about autonomous aircraft, possibly for use as Uber style taxis.

We also viewed a Wall Street Journal video of future technologies exploring the use of autonomous aircraft particularly for military applications.

There seem to be fewer difficulties with autonomous aircraft than there are with autonomous road transport.
 
The second part of this month’s meeting was devoted to 5 G. The 3GPP standard called 5 G NR was finalized and released last year. NR stands for New Radio and implies two methods of implementing the technology, one being 5 G NR SA, which is a Stand Alone version for new base stations. The second is 5 G NR NSA or Non-Stand Alone, which allows for the use of the existing 4 G LTE network to simplify and speed up implementation. Two frequency bands will be used for 5 G, these are less than 6 gHz and greater than 15 gHz. The later is now called millimeter waves
 
We viewed a video produced by Ericsson, the well-known manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. This video showed what we might expect from 5 G

​(This video and other Ericsson resources on 5 G -  https://www.ericsson.com/en/5g/what-is-5g)
 
We also saw a Nokia video showing the effect of lower latency:

We generally discussed the specifications, which allows the network to be split into slices depending on requirements. The main slices are:
 

• eMBB which stands for enhanced Mobile Broadband (offering increased speed and throughput together with increased coverage and reliability and reduced latency. Allows coverage of 1 million users per km^2

 

• URLL which stands for Ultra reliability and low latency ( around 1 ms). Primarily for critical remote controlled applications in health and industry

 

• Massive IOT for an expected huge increased in large scale relatively low speed applications.

 
In all cases lower power consumption is required for both user equipment (now called Ue) and base station equipment.
 
The enabling technology to achieve these standards is Massive MIMO with beam forming and active antennas and precoding. We saw a video by Thomas Marzetta from the Bell Labs who was responsible for the development of these. ​

​We looked at what these technologies involved. As they say, ‘it’s complicated’.
 
While Massive MIMO can be explained using elementary linear algebra, explaining how multiple interferences caused by multipath propagation from nearby buildings and even the atmosphere is a problem in radio communications, it is not easily explained how that can be turned to a huge advantage in massive MIMO without using mathematics. The best way is to let the maths flow past and look at the results. In Marzetta’s paper in the limiting case, with an infinite number of antennas, the interference and noise disappear leaving only the enhanced required signal. Massive MIMO uses hundreds or thousands of antennas depending on the frequency band. 4 G LTE uses 4 or 8.
 
We will finish discussion of 5G and its implementation next month.

​Les Rodgers

Tech Savvy Talks for February will include a Ted Talk about autonomous aircraft for use as taxis. An Uber air service for local trips without a driver! Also a video on actual prototype autonomous aircraft in action.

Five G is now a reality at least for Optus with a fixed service at two locations in the ACT, and more promised elsewhere. Telstra is also gearing up to deploy services this year. It is time that we had a closer look at what this new technology is and its benefits. Five G was inspired by a new method for mobile wireless communications in a paper in 2010 by Thomas Marzetta who now owns a number of patents. This had the potential to give startling increases in speed and throughput, decreased power consumption and cheaper handsets and accordingly the specification for 5G started that year. It has been a long time coming and much work has gone into finalizing the specification and designing the building blocks for the system now called 5G.
NR.  NR equals new radio. We will look at it in two parts over two months with the first part a more general view.

Les Rodgers